Issue 02, 2026
Following Nature,Upholding Virtue,Understanding Mission,Inheriting Legacy——Insights into Scholarship,Medical Practice,Teaching and Research
ZHAO Jinxi;As an outstanding participant of the first National Advanced Training Program for Excellent Clinical Talents of Chinese Medicine,ZHAO Jinxi has strictly followed the teachings of his mentors and pursued academic learning with sincerity and diligence. He studied under renowned masters including HUANG Wenzheng,WANG Yongyan and LÜ Renhe,and also inherited the academic thoughts of LIU Duzhou and LI Keshao through self-study. Moreover,he is a successor to SHI Jinmo,one of the Four Great Famous Doctors in Beijing,and an academic heir of professor LÜ Renhe,a National Master of Chinese Medicine. In academic research,he upholds the academic thoughts of ZHANG Zhongjing and extensively learns from various medical schools. He advocates the academic philosophy of “inheritance,learning,practice and innovation”,and puts forward the three theories of cold damage,namely the system theory of three-yin and three-yang,the constitution theory of three-yin and three-yang,and the syndrome differentiation and formula-syndrome theory of three-yin and three-yang. In clinical practice,he emphasizes the principle that “the six meridians govern all diseases”,and specializes in treating diabetes mellitus(DM) and its complications,chronic kidney diseases,as well as intractable diseases in internal medicine,gynecology and pediatrics. He is the initiator of the “trinity” diagnosis and treatment model for constitution differentiation,disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation based on the three-yin and three-yang theory,and stresses the importance of distinguishing constitution,adhering to pathogenesis,identifying formula-syndrome correlation,recognizing abdominal symptoms and selecting effective medicinal herbs. In teaching,he highlights the integration of classic theories and clinical practice,and attaches great importance to cultivating students' clinical thinking ability. He proposes the lifelong learning concept of “learning,practicing,applying,comprehending and gaining wisdom”,and abides by the principles of “following nature,upholding virtue,understanding mission,inheriting legacy”. In scientific research,he emphasizes serving clinical practice and contributing to teaching,and has formulated the Diagnostic Criteria for Deficiency and Excess Syndrome in Specimens of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications,and other standards.
Dissemination of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Vietnam During Ming and Qing Dynasties and Its Practical Enlightenment
KONG Ranran;CHEN Zhan;China and Vietnam are geographically adjacent,culturally similar and literally interlinked,which provides convenient conditions for the dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in Vietnam. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,especially since ZHENG He's voyages,the spread of TCM in Vietnam and mutual communication were unprecedented. The trade of Chinese medicinal materials under the tributary policy was relatively active during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,becoming an important part of Sino-Vietnamese trade exchanges. The thought of syndrome differentiation and treatment,the techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion,and the theory of warm diseases of TCM have been inherited and developed in Vietnam,forming diagnostic and treatment methods and the thought of medication adapted to such factors as Vietnam's climate. Under the influence of the Ming and Qing governments,Vietnam's medical and health system was continuously improved,and TCM became an important part of Vietnam's medical education. TCM classics have exerted a profound influence on Vietnam's traditional medical thoughts and the way of recording medicines. This not only promoted the cultural exchange of TCM and improved Vietnam's medical theoretical system,but also provided references for the multimodal international dissemination of TCM in today's top-level design,communication paths,cultural identity and international education models.
Differentiation and Treatment of Sarcopenia in the Elderly Based on Theory of “Deficiency of Defense Qi and Emaciation of Muscles” in Huangdi's Canon of Internal Medicine
LI Xuejun;SHAO Linlin;TANG Saixue;YU cheng;LI Jiajing;HU Chunyu;WANG Jin;DING Yuanqing;Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine;Sarcopenia in the elderly is a geriatric syndrome primarily characterized by progressive muscle loss and increased physical frailty,resulting from age-related decline in bodily function and often complicated by multiple chronic conditions. This article is based on the theory of nutrient-defense in Huangdi's Canon of Internal Medicine,which states that the harmony of Zang-Fu organs and the smooth flow of nutrientdefense qi are important guarantees for muscle fullness and strength. Based on this,we propose that “deficiency of defense qi and emaciation of muscles” is the core pathogenesis of sarcopenia in the elderly. The pathogenesis of this disease often evolves with age,physical imbalance,and the onset of chronic diseases. Spleen deficiency with impaired transformation,deficiency of defense qi with failure in nourishment,and muscle loss are not only the pathogenic basis of sarcopenia in the elderly,but also run through the entire process of the disease,serving as the core of syndrome differentiation and treatment. The superposition of chronic diseases,deficiency of defense qi,and internal accumulation of pathogenic factors lead to physical decline and emaciation of muscles. The key to the development of diseases is the decline of spleen and kidneys,deficiency of defense qi and essence,reduction of physical fitness,and mental exhaustion. The treatment of this disease focuses on nourishing nutrient-defense qi,strengthening muscles,emphasizes the importance of invigorating spleen and stomach,and proposes using Zhigancao Decoction(炙甘草汤) as the basic formula to regulate defense qi and strengthen the foundation. According to the changes in the pathogenesis,the methods of reinforcing healthy qi to eliminate pathogenic factors and regulating nutrient-defense qi,as well as tonifying kidney and invigorating spleen,regulating defense qi and activating yang are adopted respectively.
Influence of Evolution of Traditional Philosophical Theory of Emotions on Construction of Theory of Emotions and Minds
WANG Zhe;LI Liangsong;WEI Sheng;In archaic Chinese,the characters Qing(emotion) and Zhi(mind) each have their original meanings. The definition and classification of seven emotions and five minds endow the two characters with medical connotations,and the combination of emotions and minds marks the completion of the construction of theory of emotions and minds in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Carefully examining the occurrence and development of the separation,combination and evolution of emotions and minds,a main thread that runs through it is the evolution of traditional philosophical theory of emotions. The collapse of rituals and moral decay led to the concealment of minds and the manifestation of emotions,laying the foundation for the primitive theory of emotions. Through the philosophical alternations of original emotion theory,moderate emotion theory,heavenly emotion theory,principlegoverned emotion theory and emotion-to-nature theory,emotions and minds were integrated into a unified concept,which has become a special term for analyzing the relationship between human emotional experiences and diseases. Exploring the genetic implications of the construction of theory of emotions and minds from the perspective of history of philosophy offers insights from ancient sages and enlightens the clinical diagnosis and treatment of emotional disorders in the present day.
Analysis of Characteristic of “Balance” in Categorized Formulas of Jiajian Zhengqi Powder(加减正气散)
SHAN Yanran;ZHANG Wenjing;ZHANG Yuemin;GU Xiaohong;YU He;Five categorized formulas of Jiajian Zhengqi Powder(加减正气散) are derived from Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases,and originated from Huoxiang Zhengqi Powder(藿香正气散). Focusing on regulating qi movement and balancing the middle energizer,they are indicated for treating spleen-stomach disorders caused by damp stagnation in the triple energizer and internal retention of turbid dampness. Among them,the First Jiajian Zhengqi Powder uses the acrid-bitter and slightly cold method,and is mainly indicated for spleen-stomach discomfort due to dampness and qi stagnation. The Second Jiajian Zhengqi Powder adopts the acrid-bitter and bland method,targeting syndrome of dampness obstructing meridians and emphasizing on clearing dampness from the exterior,interior and meridians. The Third Jiajian Zhengqi Powder applies the acrid-bitter and cold method,for treating damp-heat syndrome of the middle energizer with dampness prevailing over heat. The Fourth and Fifth Jiajian Zhengqi Powders use the acrid-bitter and warm method,and are mainly indicated for damp-cold syndrome of the middle energizer. The composition of these formulas highlights the characteristic of “balance”,focusing on the balance of ascending and descending of qi movement,cold and warm properties of medicinal herbs,dredging and tonifying,as well as warming and clearing in therapeutic methods. Clinically,their application can be extended to exogenous diseases such as exogenous summer-dampness and pestilence,and internal miscellaneous diseases complicated with damp-heat syndrome of the middle energizer.
Thoughts on Acupuncture and Moxibustion Regulating Kidney-Tiangui-Thoroughfare and Conception Vessels-Uterus Axis for Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
WANG Ruibo;CHEN Sheng;SUN Tongwei;YANG Chao;This paper sorts out Professor ZHAO Jiping's diagnosis and treatment thoughts on polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) with acupuncture and moxibustion. Centering on the disease and syndrome characteristics of PCOS,this study analyzes the multi-dimensional disease locations of the disease,and holds that the dysfunction of the kidney-Tiangui-thoroughfare and conception vessels-uterus axis is the root cause of the complex symptoms of PCOS,involving the uterus,liver,spleen,kidney as well as the thoroughfare vessel(TV) and conception vessel(CV). The core pathogenesis of the disease is kidney deficiency,liver depression and spleen weakness,unsmooth circulation of qi and blood in TV and CV,and accumulation of dampness and blood stasis in the uterus. Based on this,the basic therapeutic principles are established as tonifying kidney,soothing liver and invigorating spleen to consolidate the foundation of the axis,dredging and regulating TV and CV to relieve the stagnation of the axis,and eliminating dampness and removing blood stasis to expel pathogenic factors of the axis. In clinical practice,great attention is paid to the diagnosis and examination of meridians and acupoints,and the decline and preponderance of Zang-Fu organs,abundance and deficiency of meridians,and complicated pathogenic factors are identified through the combination of the four diagnostic methods. Acupoint selection for acupuncture and moxibustion focuses on three aspects of regulation.(1)Consolidating the foundation of the axis:Selecting the Back-Shu Points and Yuan-Source Points of liver,spleen and kidney to tonify kidney,soothe liver and invigorate spleen;(2)Relieving the stagnation of the axis:Selecting acupoints of CV and spleen meridian of foot-Taiyin to dredge and regulate TV and CV;(3)Clearing pathogenic factors of the axis:Selecting acupoints in the lower abdomen and lumbosacral region such as Zigong(EX-CA1),Zhongliao(BL33) and Ciliao(BL32) to eliminate dampness and remove blood stasis. Meanwhile,the combined application of multiple therapies such as reinforcing and reducing manipulations of filiform needle,moxibustion and electroacupuncture is emphasized. A diagnosis and treatment framework of “disease location stratification-pathogenesis correspondence-precise acupoint selection and manipulation” has been established,which provides a reference scheme for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of PCOS with acupuncture and moxibustion.
Precancerous Lesions of Gastric Cancer Based on “Promoting Fluid Flow to Moisten Dryness”
LI Xiaofeng;LI Yu;MA Liang;ZHANG Yang;First Affiliated Hospital of“Promoting fluid flow to moistening dryness” is an academic thought proposed by LIU Wansu based on his theories of etiology and pathogenesis of the six qi and the Xuanfu qi-fluid,which was further refined by ZHANG Congzheng and later physicians,gradually enriching its connotations. “Promoting fluid flow to moistening dryness” aligns with the physiological characteristics and pathological evolution of spleen and stomach,known as “mutual restraint and coordination of dryness and dampness”. Taking this as the core entry point,this paper systematically reviews its theoretical origins and academic context. Furthermore,by integrating the physiological basis of “spleen dampness and stomach dryness” with the core pathogenesis of “qi-yin deficiency” in the precancerous lesions of gastric cancer(PLGC),the authors elaborate on thepathogenic evolution of PLGC. This paper posits that the internal binding of dryheat can induce stagnation and blockage of Xuanfu,causing accumulation of qi and fluid,and then scorching body fluids,transforming into dampness and phlegm. Dysfunction of spleen and stomach in transporting and transforming disrupts distribution of body fluids and qi movement. Deficiency of body fluids fails to nourish the body,exacerbating stomach dryness. Ultimately,the mutual intermingling of internally retained damp-turbidity and excessive dry-heat promotes the generation of cancer toxin.
Analysis of YE Tianshi's Theory of “Pathogens Lingering in Triple Energizer”
LI Yiqing;YAN Manrou;MA Xiaobei;YE Tianshi put forward the viewpoint that “pathogens of qi aspect do not transmit to blood aspect but linger in the triple energizer” in the Treatise on Warm-Heat Diseases,which reveals the special pathogenesis of pathogens lingering in the triple energizer during the course of warm diseases. Pathogens of dampness,heat,and dampness-heat can all linger in the triple energizer,leading to stagnation of qi movement and disorder of water metabolism. In view of the properties of different pathogenic factors and the disease locations in the triple energizer,YE Tianshi established the corresponding regularities of syndrome differentiation and treatment. For dampness syndrome,he advocated respectively expelling pathogens from the triple energizer :urgent dispersion of the upper energizer for the upper energizer;regulating qi and resolving dampness for the middle energizer;draining dampness with bland herbs for the lower energizer. For heat syndrome,he focused on clearing heat with bitter and cold herbs combined with expelling filth with aroma. For the dampnessheat syndrome,he treated the disease by differentiating the three energizers respectively:mild formulas for clearing and resolving pathogenic factors in the upper energizer,the therapy of bitter,pungent and cold herbs for the middle energizer,and draining dampness with bland and slight pungent herbs for the lower energizer. He also emphasized the simultaneous consideration of qi and blood to block the transmission and transformation of the disease. The therapeutic system of “respectively expelling pathogens” founded by YE Tianshi has important guiding value for the modern clinical diagnosis and treatment of complex syndromes such as dampness-heat and summer-dampness.
Characteristics of Treating BI Disease in Case Records as a Guide to Clinical Practice
WANG Lanlan;WANG Xiudie;XU Xia;Case Records as a Guide to Clinical Practice is a concentrated embodiment of the academic thoughts of YE Tianshi,a renowned physician in the Qing Dynasty. Several medical cases in the bi disease chapter of this book hit the nail on the head and feature distinctive approaches to treating bi disease. He creatively put forward many new viewpoints on the treatment of bi disease,such as “bi disease caused by internal stirring of wind-qi” and “promoting dredging is the priority for diseases located in the meridians,and dredging serves as the fundamental therapy for diseases located in the collaterals”. In differentiating bi disease,he attached importance to the integration of multiple methods,comprehensively applying the theories of defense-qi-nutrient-blood in warm diseases,syndrome differentiation based on extraordinary meridians,and chronic disease entering the collaterals to the diagnosis and treatment of bi disease. In terms of treatment,he established the fundamental principle of “dredging”,advocating emergent elimi‑nation of acute pathogenic factors and mild purgation of chronic pathogenic factors. He combined Huangqi(Astragali Radix) with Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) and proposed the selection of herbs according to different meridians. YE Tianshi's experience and characteristics in treating bi disease have a profound influence on the development of bi disease theory and are worthy of in-depth study by later generations.
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Vascular Dementia Based on Theory of “Turbid Pathogen Impairing Lucidity”
LIU Qiqi;ZHANG Hao;JIANG Xicheng;LI Hao;HU Shuaihang;SUN Jiagui;Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine;Vascular dementia(VD) is a common type of senile dementia that exerts adverse effects on patients' cognitive function and quality of life. Accumulation of turbid pathogen and poor blood circulation can lead to insufficient cerebral blood supply and memory impairment. Due to the complex and diverse etiology and pathogenesis of VD,involving pathological factors such as atherosclerosis,thromboembolism,small vessel lesions,and abnormal blood oxygen status,the theory of “turbid pathogen impairing lucidity”,which is based on the holistic concept,is consistent with the pathological characteristics of VD,and this theory is the core pathogenesis of VD. The root cause of cerebral collaterals stasis lies in kidney,and deficiency of kidney essence leads to insufficient qi transformation and poor blood circulation,thereby inducing blood stasis;the endogenous turbid pathogen results in deficiency and excess in complexity,with kidney deficiency and phlegm-stasis interacting with each other;long-term accumulation of turbid pathogen transforms into toxin,causing obstruction of Xuanfu and disorders in the circulation of qi,blood,and body fluids,which exacerbates cerebral orifice injury. Treatment should be carried out in stages:at the initial stage,the principle is to expel pathogens and strengthen healthy qi,addressing both the root cause and symptoms,with methods such as tonifying kidney to cultivate healthy qi,dissipating stasis and resolving turbid pathogen,and eliminating phlegm and dampness;in the advanced stage,the core therapeutic methods are clearing heat and removing toxin,resolving turbid pathogen and ascending lucidity.